Composition and Seperations Essay Example for Free

Composition and Seperations Essay When a kernel of popcorn is heated, pressure builds and, depending on the percent of water in the kernel, the kernel pops open and popcorn is produced. The percentage of water in each kernel differs between brands of popcorn. If the steam produced fails to pop the kernel, the kernel becomes hard and burns. The purpose of Part 1, â€Å"Popcorn Composition†, of the â€Å"Composition and Separations Lab was to determine whether premium popcorn brands display desirable qualities when measured and compared with cheaper brands of popcorn. The experimental relevance of Part 1 of the experiment was to demonstrate the effects of water in a popcorn kernel when heated and converted to heat. Differences in water percentage determine whether or not the kernel will burst and create popcorn. In Part 2, â€Å"Separating a Solid Mixture†, the purpose was to work with supplies in the lab to separate a solid mixture of popcorn, sand, salt and iron filings into the four separate components to eventually learn the percent composition of the solid mixture. By developing a plan to separate the mixture, the group should have ended up with four separate items with weights that added up to the original weight of the mixture. The experimental relevance of Part 2 of the experiment was to learn how to separate each component in a four part solid mixture from each other. Procedure: In part 1 of this week’s lab three popcorn kernels of a one brand were given to each group. A Bunsen burner was set up by each group and the three kernels were each weighed separately on an electric balance. The Bunsen burner was then lit following the instructions given. (ch185) A 100mL beaker was obtained and filled with a half inch of clean sand. The beaker was placed on a ring stand and one kernel of popcorn was submerged into the sand. The beaker was then covered with a watch glass and heated over the Bunsen burner until the kernel popped. After popping, the kernel was removed and weighed and the moisture content was measured. This procedure occurred for all three kernels. After the moisture content of all three kernels were measured, an average was deduced for the three and written on the board. Each of the other four groups also wrote their averages for their individual brand on the board to give the class a better understanding of the differences in moisture content for each of the five brands. In part 2 of this week’s lab, a 50mL beaker was filled with a solid mixture consisting of popcorn, sand, salt and iron filings. The group then got the mass of the entire mixture and began sketching a plan to separate the mixture properly into its original four contents. First the group separated the popcorn from the mixture by using a drainer. The popcorn was then weighed. Second, the iron filings were separated using a magnet after pouring the remaining mixture onto a piece of paper. After the magnet collected all iron, the iron was scraped into a beaker and the weight was recorded. The third and final separation used a beaker and a filter paper. The filter paper was weighed and put into a filter that spilt into the beaker. The remaining salt/sand mixture was then poured into the filter paper using water to dissolve the salt. After the solution was put into the filter paper and the salt had dissolved, the filter paper and sand was dried and then weighed. After subtracting the filter paper weight from the weight of the filter paper and sand together, the weight of the sand was known. Once you had the weight of the sand, iron and popcorn, the weight of the salt was found by subtracting the three combined weights from the original weight of the mixture. To find the percent composition of each component, the weight of each was divided by 100 and, in the end, each components percent added up to 100% of the initial mixture. Results/ Data/ Calculations: Part 1: Each group determined the moisture percentage of their brand of popcorn. Table 1 shows the moisture content of each brand. Table 1: Moisture Percentage of Popcorn Brands Group Number| Popcorn Brand Used| Percent Moisture| 1| Act III| 6.24 %| 2| Food Club| 8.35 %| 3| Jolly Time| 12.2 %| 4| Orville Redenbacher| 7.47 %| 5| Pop Perfect| 6.22 %| Jolly Time popcorn was measured for weight and the moisture content was then measured. Table 2 shows the initial weights, final weights, moisture contents and percent moistures of each of the three trials performed. Table 2: Moisture Percentage by Weight of Jolly Time Popcorn Kernels Kernel| Initial Weight (g)| Final Weight (g)| Moisture Content| % Moisture| 1| 0.105 g| 0.086 g| 0.019 g| 17.8 %| 2| 0.138 g| 0.140 g| -0.003 g| -1.89 %| 3| 0.113 g| 0.106 g| 0.007 g| 6.55 %| AVERAGE| 0.109 g| 0.096 g| 0.013 g| 12.2 %| Sample Calculations: Find weight= (cupcake holder + kernel – cupcake holder) = (.263 g .177 g) = 0.086 g Moisture Content= Initial weight – final weight = 0.105 g – 0.086 g = 0.019 g % Moisture= Moisture content x 100 Initial weight of kernel = 0.019 g = 17.8% 0.105 g Average % moisture = 17.8 + 6.55 = 12.2% 2 Part 2: The weight and eventually percentage composition was measure in a mixture of corn, iron, sand and salt and then with each component individually. Table 3 shows the weight and % compositions. Table 3: Percent composition of Mixture Material| Weight (g)| % Composition| Full Mix| 42.2 g| 100 %| Corn| 3.26 g| 7.79 %| Iron| 19.0 g| 45.0 %| Sand| 15.7 g| 32.5 %| Salt| 6.25 g| 14.8 %| Sample Calculations: Percent Composition:Initial Weight x100 Total Mixture Weight Beaker with nothing: 59. 95 g Beaker with mix: 102.1 g W/ Mix:102.1 g W/O Mix: 59.95g 42.98 g Discussion: The experiment in part 1 was done to show that even slight differences in moisture content in popcorn make a big difference when it comes to the popcorn’s â€Å"popping† abilities. Before the experiment, the moisture content and its effect on popcorn were unknown. After the experiment each group left with the knowledge of moisture content in both preferred brands and cheap brands of popcorn. This experiment gave insight into the importance of exactness for popcorn companies pertaining to the moisture content in each kernel. The experiment in part 2 was performed to show that most solid mixtures can be separated if using the right tools. Each group had to propose a solution to separating the mixture and then weighing each of the four components afterwards to conclude if they added up to the initial weight of the solid mixture. This experiment allowed students to use their brains to separate any solid mixture that they come in contact with, which will be helpful for the future in this lab and others. Throughout the two parts of this experiment several specific errors were found and dealt with. In part 1 of this experiment several popcorn kernels were burnt and did not pop. These kernels may have affected our experiment by giving us false data, as we did not include these kernels in any final data. With burnt popcorn kernels, we were shown that the moisture content in the popcorn brand given may have resulted in one of the â€Å"cheap† brands given. In part 2 of our experiment, the initial weight was supposed to be taken before separating any part of the mixture. Unfortunately, the initial weight was skipped before the popcorn was separated. The popcorn then had to be put back into the mixture and the mixture was then weighed for the initial weight. This may have affected the final data, although it was a small error. In part 2 another error occurred when the group began to separate the salt and sand in an incorrect manner. This, however, did not affect final data, as the salt would have been eliminated anyway. Conclusions: The goals in this experiment for part 1 were to determine the moisture content in a brand of popcorn, compare the given brand with others in the lab and then find out if moisture content affects the ‘popping’ or corn and which brand or brands has a better likelihood of popping (i.e. preferred vs. cheap brands). In part 2 of the experiment the goals were to separate a solid mixture and then find the percent composition of each of the four materials within the mixture. The average moisture percentage for Jolly Time popcorn was 12.2 %. To get to this point, the group popped three separate kernels and found the moisture percentage for each and then averaged them. The percent composition for part 2 of the solid mixture was 7.79 % for corn, 45.0 % for iron, 32.5 % for sand and 14.8% for salt. These measurements added up to the 100% solid mixture and the weights added up correctly. References: Ch185. How to Light and Adjust a Bunsen Burner. http://ch185.semo.edu/labsafe/bunsen.html (accessed Feb 12, 2013). Composition and Separations. http://linus.chem.ku.edu/genchemlab/184SP13/Download184_Labs/Composition%20and%20Separations%20Chem%20184%20Spring%202013.pdf (accessed Feb 12, 2013) Guidelines for Laboratory Reports http://linus.chem.ku.edu/GenChemLab/184SP13/guidelines%20for%20lab%20reports.htm (accessed Feb 12, 2013)

Theory of Evolution :: essays research papers

1809 February 12 - Charles Robert Darwin born at The Mount, Shrewsbury. 1818 - Darwin entered Shrewsbury School. 1825-27 - 22 October Darwin matriculated at Edinburgh University where he studied medicine but operations (without anesthetics) and the sight of blood turned him from that profession. 1827-31 - 15 October Darwin was admitted to Christ's Colledge, Cambridge University, to prepare for a career in the Church. He accepted the Articles of Faith. 1829 Summer - Darwin made an entomological tour of North Wales with Professor F. W. Hope. Darwin's interest in 'bugs and beetles' was longstanding. 1831 - 26 April Darwin received his BA degree. In Spring he began planning a scientific voyage to Canary Islands. 1831 August 29/30 - Darwin received an invitation to serve as unpaid naturalist on the survey ship H.M.S. Beagle, which was to travel around the world. At this point Darwin had no formal training in science. 1831 December 27 - The H.M.S. Beagle sailed from Devonport, England 1832 September 23 - Darwin made his first important fossil find, notably various extinct mammals. 1832 December 16 - Darwin had his first sight of 'Indians' of Tierra de Fuego. 1835 March 26 - Darwin is bittn by Triatoma infestans. 1835 September - Darwin studied geology and the fauna, and flora of Galapagos Islands. Here he made detailed observations, eventually noting of the now-famous 'Darwin's finches' as well as the Galapagos tortoises. 1835 December - Darwin wrote his first known draft of his paper on theory of formation of coral reefs. 1836 October 2 - The H.M.S. Beagle finally returned to England and docked at Falmouth, England. 1837 March 13 - Darwin lives at 36 Great Marlborough Street, London. 1837 May 31 - Darwin read his paper on coral reefs to the London Geological Society 1837 July - Darwin 'Opened first notebook on Transmutation of Species.' 1837 October - Darwin began work leading to Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, edited and superintended by Charles Darwin, published 1840-1843, 5 volumes. 1838 September 28 - Darwin started to read Malthus, and later claimed to have formulated his theory of evolution by natural selection. 1838 November 11 - Darwin propooses marriage to Emma Wedgwood. 1839 January 1 - Darwin moves to 12 Upper Gower Street, London. 1839 January 24 - Darwin elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. 1839 January 29 - Charles Robert Darwin married Emma Wedgwood - Marry, Marry, Marry.

Financial Analysis of PepsiCo and Coca-Cola

PepsiCo and Coca Cola are two major companies that manufacture beverages. They compete to be the number on manufacturer and distributor of beverages in the world. These two companies are very identifiable in this market and you know them as PepsiCo and Coca Cola. These two companies have undoubtedly dominated the markets worldwide that they both receive universal recognition for their different products. Although, there are many other manufacturers and distributors of beverages these two are the major competitors.Not only do they produce soda drinks, they also produce flavored water, spring water, and some energy drinks. PepsiCo, best known for Pepsi and Coca Cola best known for Coke have great marketing anddue to this they are able to target all income brackets. Their marketing and reasonable prices make iteasy for the people to buy their products in all income brackets. I will be examining both company’s income statements and balance sheets to disclose thefinancial condition of these companies in relation one to another.I will also perform vertical andhorizontal analysis from their annual report of financial data. There are a vast amount of manufacturers and distributors in this market, but Pepsi and Coca-Cola have managed to stay in the number one spot for a couple of decades. These two companies have not only dominated the market domestically they have dominated the worldwide market. They followed a plan that kept them above and beyond the market of soft drinks. They have overcome obstacles that allowed them to manufacture and distribute globally. (The Coca Cola Company, 2009).These companies compete with one another for the same customers. When one company comes up with a product the other company comes out with something very similar to it; this is called the â€Å"follow up strategy,† and while doing so they live the other companies behind dazed and confused, wondering what just happened. (www. PepsiCo. com, 2009). Being successful does not come without a price, both of this companies has had to deal with legal issues, precedents, and politics. These two companies are the best examples on how leadership is the power of influence.They design their product geared towards a certain taste and to appeal to a certain population and make look as though they are subjected to certain ethical and moral practices. Their influence in this market is so powerful that they drive out and shut down any other competitor in this market. I would like for you to keep in mind that all financial data of these companies are shown in millions so if you see a figure of 200 that means 200 million and if you see 5,000 it is in the billions. We will start with a vertical analysis of these companies. The vertical analysis comes from each company’s financial statements.The total assets for each company will be the starting point of this analysis. Coca Cola’s total assets in 2004 were $31,441 and its 2005 total assets were $29,427. Pep siCo’s total assets for 2004 were $27,987 and its total assets for 2005 were $31,727. (Weygandt, Kimmel, & Kieso, 2008). The total asset of each of the figures relates to items from each company’s balance sheet. The cost of sales for PepsiCo during 2004 was $12,674 yielding a ratio percentage of 45. 3% of total assets and for 2005 the cost of sales was $14,167 yielding a ratio percentage of 44. 7% of total assets.Coca-Cola’s cost of sales in 2004 was $7,674 yielding a ratio percentage of 24. 4% of total assets and in 2005it was $8,195 yielding a ratio percentage of 27. 8% of total assets. PepsiCo experienced a 5% increase within a one year span and Coca Cola experienced a 3. 4% increase during the same span. This does not mean that this increase is a positive analysis since the single figure does not reveal whether the increase is a positive measure. A higher cost of sales may not be offset by higher revenues matching or exceeding the increased cost. The next th ing we are going to look at is net income.Pepsi had in 2004 a net income of $4,212 and this yielded a ratio percentage of 15. 1% of total assets and in 2005 their net income was $4,078 yielding a ratio percentage of 13. 2% of their total assets. This is a 1. 9% decrease in their net income between 2004 and 2005 and they also show a decrease in the cost of sales during the same period. Coke on the other hand had a net income of $4,847 in 2004 yielding a ratio percentage of 15. 4% and in2005 their net income was $4,872 yielding a ratio of 16. 6% of their total assets. This shows and an increase of 1. 2% between 2004 and 2005.Although they experienced an increase it is not entirely an offset of their income overall, making this a negative indication for Coca Cola. Now the breakdown of each company’s consolidated balance sheets to compare current assets and current liabilities to their total assets for each year considered. Pepsi’s total current assets in 2004 were $8,639 which yields a ratio percentage of 30. 9% of total assets for that year. Pepsi’s total current assets in 2005 were $10,454 which yields a ratio percentage of 32. 9% of total assets. This shows a 2%increase in current assets.In contrast coca Cola current asset in 2004 were $12,281 yielding a ratio percentage of 39. 1% and in 2005 current asset were $10,250 yielding a ratio percentage of 34. 8%;which show a major decrease in their current assets. Although, there was a significant decrease in their current assets it was accompanied by a decrease in their current liabilities, which would be a positive indication for Coke instead of a negative one. Looking at the horizontal analysis of each company will give us more information. Horizontal analysis is also called â€Å"trend analysis† because of its ability to show financial data compared over a period of time.There are two different formulas that can be employed to teach this information. The first one uses the current yea r amount and subtracts from that the base year amount. The second formula divides the current year amount by the base year amount. The year 2004 is the base year for both companies in this analysis. Pepsi’s total current assets for 2004 were $8,639 and for 2005 were $10,454. In the first Pepsi had an increase of 121. 01% of total current assets; over their 2004 base year figure. The second formula yields a 21. 01% total current assets from the base year. Coke’s total assets in 2004 were$12,281 and $10,250 in 2005.As you can see Coke’s total current assets dropped between 2004 and2005 without performing the formulaic calculations. All the analysis shows that PepsiCo and Coca Cola both experienced lower net profits in 2005than in 2004. They showed an increased operation expenses which resulted in a lower net profit. Both has had a higher operating expense in 2005 than in 2004 and need to modify their operations to reduce their expenses so their profit margins can increase so they will not keep experiencing a decrease in profits. I have analyzed two well-known companies in this paper.These two companies are PepsiCo and Coca Cola. These two companies have been around for a long time and have stormed the market. We have seen in my vertical and horizontal analysis that their financial data reveals somewhat a different picture of each company’s financial status. Both companies have experienced a moment were they were not profitable and a moment when they were profitable. During this exercise made me realize that although these companies appear to be profitable the analyses showed that these two companies performance were very different from one another in the years 2004 and 2005

Adoption Of The Safe Haven Law - 888 Words

Individuals in Charleston, South Carolina who are interested in the domestic adoption of an infant, or birth parents who are interested in making an adoption plan, should visit an adoption attorney who is familiar with the adoption laws in the state of South Carolina. The Safe Haven Law If you are having difficulty caring for your child, but you are not ready to make an adoption plan, as long as your baby is less than 31 days old, you should consider taking advantage of the Safe Haven law. This law allows you to take your infant to a hospital, where he or she will be cared for. Application to Become an Adoptive Parent If you reside in Charleston, South Carolina and you want to apply to become an adoptive parent (or foster parent) you need to fill out an application. Once the application is complete, contact the Region III Adoption Services office. The Region III office serves the counties of Charleston, Allendale, Beaufort, Colleton, Berkeley, Hampton, Dorchester and Jasper. Potential Adoptive Parents are Required to Show Proof of Income There are no fees collected by the Department of Social Services (DSS) to become an adoptive parent; however, sufficient income to care for your current family members and any potential adopted child must be proved before an adoption is granted When the time to legally finalize the adoption arrives, an attorney is required. These costs are the responsibility of the family seeking to adopt; however, if the child being adopted hasShow MoreRelated Are Safe-Haven Laws A Good Idea? Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesAre Safe-Haven Laws A Good Idea? Debi Faris recently made the sad drive, again, from her home in Yucaipa, California, to the Los Angeles County coroners office to retrieve the body of a baby boy who had been left by a dumpster. 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According to Norma’ â€Å"’Abortion , to me, means going back to the condition of not being pregnant† ( qtd. In EndRoe). Norma did not completely understand that abortion was more than just not being pregnant anymore, it was more than that. Abortion

Communal Conflict in Tiv Land Strategy for Resolution

ABSTRACT In the last few decades Nigeria has experienced violent conflicts and antagonism rooted in religion, ethnicity, and economics. communal conflicts in Tiv land area of the Middle Belt region of Nigeria are not an exception. This paper (1) examines the causes of communal conflict in Tivland (2),challenges,as well as the(3) strategies of resolving and managing conflicts in Tivland and society in general. Introduction The African continent has been, and continues to be engulfed in one conflict after another. Over the last 40 years, nearly 20 African countries, or about 40% of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), have experienced at least one period of civil war (Elbadawi amp; Sambanis, 2000). They further estimate that 20% of SSAs†¦show more content†¦The Tiv people The name Tiv according to Makar, (1994) has a dual meaning. Tiv is a cultural group of a people,who by 1963 census numbered one and half million. Tiv is also a name of the father of all Tiv people. The Tiv people are said to have migrated from central Africa to where they are now found in what is generally described as the Middle Belt of Nigeria, but specifically some 150 miles east of the confluence of River Benue with River Niger. They settled on both sides of the River Benue, also known as the Upper and the Lower Benue River Valley. Other accounts trace Tiv origin to the Bantu tribe (Bohannan amp; Bohannan, 1953). The Tiv are mainly subsistence farmers, dispersed in seven states of Federal Republic of Nigeria-Benue, Taraba, Nassarawa, Plateau, Niger, Kogi, and Kaduna States. The Tiv can also be found in the Republic of Cameroon, Nigeria’s neighbor to the east. The population of the Tiv people, according to census figure 2006, is 3,687,000and continues to grow. (Ethnologu e 2010). Thoerical Framework Marxist Theory The Marxist theory has its roots from the works of Karl Mark and his friend Frederick Engels. The starting point for their analysis of the society is determined mainly by social production. i.e what is produced, how it is produced and how the product is shared. The theory therefore insists that society is composed of contradictions and

Kudler Fine Foods - Accounting System - 972 Words

Kudler Fine Foods - Accounting System Eric Raymond BSA/310 September 3, 2012 Dr. Marcia Reid Kudler Fine Foods - Accounting System The purpose of this paper is to describe the value of a new accounting system for Kudler Fine Foods. The author will cover the key features, core technology, benefits, and cost of the proposed system. In businesses today, it is imperative that the accounting system be tied into every aspect of a business and integrated within all of the information systems in use. Therefore, before any system is updated or changed, the accounting system must be considered and analyzed for compatibility and integration. Kudler Fine Foods hired a consulting firm to â€Å"assist in the selection and installation of a†¦show more content†¦If the transaction is small, the store manager can pay for it out of an â€Å"impress† fund that each store has. The store manager would then fax the information to F amp; A to be manually entered into the system. In my opinion, Kudler Fine Foods could benefit from a holistic Finance and Accounting system that will allow for better compatibility with the company’s other systems. The current system has a module for each major function and each module has to maintain compatibility with the other modules. If any upgrades or changes were to be made on any of the other systems in the company, all of the separate modules of the Finance and Accounting system would need to be compatible. This means that there is a greater expense in upgrading or changing any other system in the company because all systems must be connected to the F amp; A system. A holistic system that can provide all of the necessary functions needed by the company all in one program and streamline the process and minimize the costs of upgrading systems anywhere in the company. In the long run, it would be less costly to first upgrade the Finance and Accounting system before any other systems are upgraded. 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Care and Treatment in Mental Health Institutions

Question: Discuss about the Care and Treatment in Mental Health Institutions. Answer: Introduction The recovery in the mentally-ill patients have been discussed from various angles in the theory and often found conflicting definitions (Barker, Buchanan-Barker, 2011). The clinical recovery assumes that a patient is ill and requires treatment (ibid). This assumption may conflict with personal recovery where a patient may not have any clinical signs symptoms but his/her self-esteem, confidence, productivity, social economic life, have been shattered due to past mental illness and need to be recovered. The following sections discuss various recovery principles; the difference between clinical recovery and personal recovery in context with Janets stories. Following are the basic recovery principles as agreed in SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) conference on Mental Health by American Psychological Association. Patients themselves decide their path and direction to recovery. The recovery pathways depend on individual patients strengths, weaknesses, socio-cultural background, experiences and personal preferences. The patients must be empowered to participate in decision making. The recovery should be holistic and comprehensive covering all aspects of lives physical, social, psychological and spiritual. There may be occasional set-backs in recovery making it a non-linear process but is learning continuously and thus growing forward. There is need to build up on strengths of an individual while recovering. The mutual peer-support is indispensable in recovery. There is a need to accept the patient and appreciate him/her by communities and societies. The patients should be motivated towards self-care and self-recovery. The recovery should aim towards a better future of the patient by over-coming all the obstacles. The story of Janet In case of Janet, the sexual abuse at a tender age from a known relative was a major disturbing factor which shaked-up her trust in the surrounding world. In the version one of her story she was not even able to achieve clinical recovery. She reached a stage in her life where there was absence of psychosis and auditory hallucinations; but she was in a vegetative state, just eating, sleeping and watching TV. She was still lucky to be in a developed country where she could survive like this by means of social security schemes. In less developed nations where there is no social security or if there is any it is only on papers; the condition of mentally-ill patients is even bad. In such countries, no work means, no food, and mentally ill patients being unproductive are thrown out of homes by their relatives and ended up being in mental hospitals, where the conditions are pathetic. Sometimes they do not even get clothes to cover their body and they are treated as pure animals and do not e ven get clinical recovery (Kochher Sarkar 2012). Coming back to Janets story; in version one, though there was absence of clinical signs and symptoms, which may be taken as clinical recovery by few, she was unproductive, not having any meaning in life, and her self-esteem was completely shattered. Mental illness results in an invisible disability that lasts throughout the life of a mentally ill patient and could only be minimised with the passage of time through personal empowerment. Personal recovery is an unending search for finding significance in the life of patients suffering/suffered from mental illness (Kidd, Kenny, McKinstry, 2015). Mentally ill patients generally face ill-treatment and discrimination in each and every aspect of their lives including clinical recovery pursuits and they need to find solutions through multilateral dialogues, discussions and participation in social life (ibid). Janet, in version one, also dropped out from her Nursing school as she believed that she could not perform well. The problem of internalised stigma is also very prevalent among patients suffering/ suffered from mental illness (Erilich-Ben et al 2013). They have faced social stigma, ignominy and ostracism throughout their life and as a result of it they internalise the feeling of stigma and develop inferiority complex. Their self-esteem and self-respect get shattered. They have been despised by everyone they came in contact with; which precipitated in the form of social withdrawal behaviour among such patients (ibid). Thus it becomes very imperative to help these patients find a meaning to their lives. After quitting nursing school, her alienation deepened further which could have been avoided at the first place, like in version two. Clinical recovery Vs Personal recovery The medicalised model of mental illness is an individualistic model which sees mental illness as purely hereditary and solely blames the individual and his/her genes for mental illness and thus treatment is also paternalistic which sedates the patient most of the time to make sure he/she does not pose any threat to sophisticated society, it also requires institutionalisation most of the times (Beresford, Nettle, Perring, 2010). The existing recovery measures are rather penalising and are based on mere absence of pathological signs and symptoms (Burgess et al 2011). This was quite evident in the version one of Janets story. How she was penalised further by police when she got a psychotic attack. The nurse at the psychiatric ward also behaved the same way. Her sexual abuse history was also taken lightly by psychologists/ psychiatrists. No effort was done to find out the roots of her psychiatric problem and so the solutions in the version one of story. It seems as if whole profession w as about selling some psychiatric drugs and injections in the name of psychiatric patients and munching money. There was no empathy by anyone towards Janet. The social model of mental illness, on the other hand, looks at the social context of mental illness and aims towards social reforms and rehabilitation of mentally ill patients in the society by teaching them skills, bringing them into mainstream, providing them positive social environment, raising their confidence, believing in them and making them believe in themselves (ibid). The version two of the Janets story is an example of social model of mental illness. How everyone in the profession showed empathy towards her and offered help. She was accommodated well. She was helped out in completing her studies. She was also helped out in getting some music lessons for a faster recovery. She was also offered a job of mental health nurse so that she could find a meaning to her life, inspite of the fact that she could survive well on social security benefits in the country. Because life is much more than mere survival and so is the case with patiens with mental illness. The personal recovery is much more than clinical recovery and involves a sense of wellness at all psycho-social levels (Brennaman Lobo 2011). It includes a feeling of self-worth, self-esteem, desire to live to the fullest potential, and a sense of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being (ibid). Personal recovery includes positive thinking, hope, peers support, social security including job, housing and education (Cheng et al 2009). The interpersonal skills, team working, being social and sharing knowledge with and from others; are also important aspects of personal recovery (Cleary Dowling 2009). All these psycho-social aspects of life were taken care of, in version two of Janets story, but were denied in the version one. The incorporation of patients perspective and their participation while formulating recovery plans for them; is very essential for achieving the goals of personal recovery in addition to clinical recovery (Drieta, Agrest, Druetta, 2011). In Janets story version 2, she started working as a mental health nurse, which could be very beneficial for mental health services; because she can take help from her own experiences about what should be done and what should not be done while dealing with patients under psychosis. In Australia department of health has come up with Framework for Recovery oriented Practice where the department has emphasized personal recovery and its various components (Department of Health 2011). It is very important to adopt a wellness approach while formulating recovery plans (Swarbick 2012). The patient has to be considered in totality with his personal and social environment, his/ her feelings and emotional/ psycho-social life (ibid). It is appreciable that governments are taking steps for mental and psycho-social well-being of its citizens. There is no separate group of citizens as mentally-ill, but any of our citizens could turn-out to be mentally ill, if social systems are not put in proper place. There is a need to maintain equity, harmony and social justice in our societies. Therefore the persons suffering/ suffered from mental illness can-not be ignored, because they reflect our own societies and social systems, which they are a part of; and their fundamental human ri ght of a personal recovery needs to be taken care-of. Conclusion Thus I would like to conclude on a note, that a mental health nurse should have a holistic understanding of the subject and should learn clinical-reasoning skills which are more than mere clinical judgement and require an understanding of psycho-social aspects of life (Levett-Jones 2013). A nurse should be empathetic towards his/her patients including and especially mentally-ill patients. The goal of a nurse for such patients, should be their personal recovery which includes their self-esteem, self-worth, happiness, psycho-social welfare and achievement of self-realisation in life. References Barker, P, J, Buchanan-Barker, P. (2011). Mental health nursing and the politics of recovery: a global re?ection. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 25(5), 350358. Beresford, P, Nettle, M, Perring, R. (2010). Towards a Social Model of Madness and Distress? Exploring What Service Users Say. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, London. Brennaman, L, Lobo, M,.L. (2011). Recovery from serious mental illness: a concept analysis. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 32, 654663. Burgess, P, Pirkis, J, Coombs, T, Rosen, A. (2011). Assessing the value of existing recovery measures for routine use in Australian mental health services. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(4), 267280. Cheng, R, Church, K, Costa, L, Moffatt, K, Mohammed, S, Poole, J, Reveille, D, Stakehouse, R. (2009). Mental Health Recovery: Users and Refusers. What do Psychiatric Survivors think about Mental Health Recovery? Wellesley Institute, Toronto, ON. Available from: https://homeless.samhsa.gov/ResourceFiles/ummknsjl.pdf, (17 April 2017). Cleary, A, Dowling, M. (2009). The road to recovery: Anne Cleary and Maria Dowling examine the literature that focuses on the principal concepts of recovery in mental health and explore the importance of interpersonal skills, collaborative working and sharing knowledge. Mental Health Nursing Practice, 12(5), 2831. Department of Health (2011). Recovery-orientated Practice Literature Review. Victoria Victorian Government, Melbourne. Drieta, A, M, Agrest, M, Druetta, I. (2011). The concept of recovery: the importance of user perspectives and their participation. Revista Argentia de Psiquiatria, 22(95), 56 64. Erilich-Ben, O, S, Hasson-Ohayou, I, Feingold, D, Vahab, K, Amiaz, R, Weiser, M, Lysaker, P, H. (2013). Meaning in life, insight and self stigma among people with severe mental illness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(2), 195200. KIDD, S, KENNY, A, MCKINSTRY, C. (2015). The meaning of recovery in a regional mental health service: an action research study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(1), 181192. doi: 10.1111/jan.12472. Kochher, J, S, Sarkar, U, N. (2012). Care and Treatment in Mental Health Institutions Some Glimpses in the Recent Period. National Human Rights Commission, India. Levett-Jones, T. (Ed.). (2013). Clinical reasoning: Learning to think like a nurse. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson. Swarbrick, M. (2012). A wellness approach to mental health recovery. In Recovery of People with Mental Illness. Philosophical and Related Perspectives (Rudnick A., ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 3038.