Communal Conflict in Tiv Land Strategy for Resolution

ABSTRACT In the last few decades Nigeria has experienced violent conflicts and antagonism rooted in religion, ethnicity, and economics. communal conflicts in Tiv land area of the Middle Belt region of Nigeria are not an exception. This paper (1) examines the causes of communal conflict in Tivland (2),challenges,as well as the(3) strategies of resolving and managing conflicts in Tivland and society in general. Introduction The African continent has been, and continues to be engulfed in one conflict after another. Over the last 40 years, nearly 20 African countries, or about 40% of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), have experienced at least one period of civil war (Elbadawi amp; Sambanis, 2000). They further estimate that 20% of SSAs†¦show more content†¦The Tiv people The name Tiv according to Makar, (1994) has a dual meaning. Tiv is a cultural group of a people,who by 1963 census numbered one and half million. Tiv is also a name of the father of all Tiv people. The Tiv people are said to have migrated from central Africa to where they are now found in what is generally described as the Middle Belt of Nigeria, but specifically some 150 miles east of the confluence of River Benue with River Niger. They settled on both sides of the River Benue, also known as the Upper and the Lower Benue River Valley. Other accounts trace Tiv origin to the Bantu tribe (Bohannan amp; Bohannan, 1953). The Tiv are mainly subsistence farmers, dispersed in seven states of Federal Republic of Nigeria-Benue, Taraba, Nassarawa, Plateau, Niger, Kogi, and Kaduna States. The Tiv can also be found in the Republic of Cameroon, Nigeria’s neighbor to the east. The population of the Tiv people, according to census figure 2006, is 3,687,000and continues to grow. (Ethnologu e 2010). Thoerical Framework Marxist Theory The Marxist theory has its roots from the works of Karl Mark and his friend Frederick Engels. The starting point for their analysis of the society is determined mainly by social production. i.e what is produced, how it is produced and how the product is shared. The theory therefore insists that society is composed of contradictions and

Kudler Fine Foods - Accounting System - 972 Words

Kudler Fine Foods - Accounting System Eric Raymond BSA/310 September 3, 2012 Dr. Marcia Reid Kudler Fine Foods - Accounting System The purpose of this paper is to describe the value of a new accounting system for Kudler Fine Foods. The author will cover the key features, core technology, benefits, and cost of the proposed system. In businesses today, it is imperative that the accounting system be tied into every aspect of a business and integrated within all of the information systems in use. Therefore, before any system is updated or changed, the accounting system must be considered and analyzed for compatibility and integration. Kudler Fine Foods hired a consulting firm to â€Å"assist in the selection and installation of a†¦show more content†¦If the transaction is small, the store manager can pay for it out of an â€Å"impress† fund that each store has. The store manager would then fax the information to F amp; A to be manually entered into the system. In my opinion, Kudler Fine Foods could benefit from a holistic Finance and Accounting system that will allow for better compatibility with the company’s other systems. The current system has a module for each major function and each module has to maintain compatibility with the other modules. If any upgrades or changes were to be made on any of the other systems in the company, all of the separate modules of the Finance and Accounting system would need to be compatible. This means that there is a greater expense in upgrading or changing any other system in the company because all systems must be connected to the F amp; A system. A holistic system that can provide all of the necessary functions needed by the company all in one program and streamline the process and minimize the costs of upgrading systems anywhere in the company. In the long run, it would be less costly to first upgrade the Finance and Accounting system before any other systems are upgraded. Then the other systems can be tailored around the Finance and Accounting system to ensure compatibility and to unify the company’s business systems. The alternativeShow MoreRelatedKudler Fine Foods982 Words   |  4 PagesKudler Fine Foods Kudler Fine Foods is a chain of specialty food stores that provide the finest food and wines to the general public. There are three locations of Kudler Fine Foods: 1. La Jolla 2. Del Mar 3. Encinitas Kudler’s Key Business and Accounting Information Needs General Ledger * Financial reporting, multiple year reporting * Budgets and Budget Reporting detailed to the department store level * Chart of Accounts * Head Count Accounts Payable * CheckRead MoreComputer Information System Brief1310 Words   |  6 PagesKudler Fine Foods is a specialty grocery store located in the San Diego area. The first location was opened by Kathy Kudler in June 1998. Currently there are three locations in La Jolla, Del Mar, and Encinitas. Kudler Fine Foods has a variety of domestic and imported food and beverage items including produce, meat, seafood, condiments, packaged foods, cheese, dairy products, wine, and a bakery. Our firm has been hired by Kudler Fine Foods in order to assess their accounting and information technologyRead MoreKudler Fine Foods Computer Information System Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesKudler Fine Foods Computer Information System Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) is a California-based provider of a variety of high end foods, both local and from around the world, founded by Kathy Kudler in 1998. Since the opening of the first location, Kudler has opened two more locations in the San Diego area; Del Mar in 2000 and Encinitas in 2003 (About, 2011). As a growing business, Kudler’s needs are constantly changing, especially in terms of the company’s information technology and informationRead MoreEssay about Computer Information Systems Brief1193 Words   |  5 PagesComputer Information Systems Brief ACC542 April 12, 2010 Brad Thompson Kudler Fine Foods: Computer Information System Brief Kudler Fine Foods is a gourmet food company operating in La Jolla, Encinitas, and Del Mar California. The owner has plans to extend its services to additional markets. The Kudler Company offers the highest quality products to its customers in gourmet foods and fine wines. In analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of Kudler’s computer system and technology useRead MoreNeed for a Change Process Within the Accounting Department of Kudler Fine Foods1586 Words   |  6 PagesHeader: KUDLER FINE FOODS VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION 1 Need for a Change Process within the Accounting Department of Kudler Fine Foods Virtual Organization Abstract The Kudler Fine Foods is located in the metropolitan area of the San Diego. It is a local upscale specialty food store. The very best imported and domestic foodstuffs are stocked in all the stores of this company. The Kudler Fine Foods has five departments, namely: Fresh Produce, Fresh Bakery and Pastries, Condiments and Packaged Foods, FreshRead MoreClient Interaction Strategy795 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge LDR 535/Leading Change August 5, 2013 Nicole Seldon - Facilitator Client Interaction Strategy As the consultant for Kudler Fine Foods, communications with individuals on various levels of the organization is inevitable. It is vital to use the appropriate influence techniques during the process of implementing a new HRIS software system. An effective transition will require the consultant to use existing power structure to obtain buy-in from the current workforce. ThisRead MoreOverview of Management at Kudler Fine Foods, Virtual Organization1423 Words   |  6 PagesThis text is about Kudler Fine Foods, a virtual organization, used for the purpose of give an overview of management. This will identify the primary functions of management through the description of whom is responsible for each function at Kudler, explaining how technology and internet are used nowadays and how affects the management of the organization, and illustrating each of the five forces from Porter’s Model. Kathy Kudler was the VP of Marketing of a large defense contractor company andRead MoreKudler Fine Foods Audit Processes974 Words   |  4 PagesKudler Fine Foods Audit Processes ACC 542 September 18, 2012 Kudler’s Audit Processes Kudler Fine Food has expanded business and updated their computer systems to meet demands. As IT information is adopted within the organization, automation control processes has become more virtualized. To ensure that Kudler’s computerize systems function properly an audit must be performed on an annual basis. Management at Kudler Fine Foods wants to see the proposed audit schedules for allRead MoreKudler Accounting System Paper962 Words   |  4 PagesKudler Accounting System Paper David Story BSA 310 06/18/2012 Ivon Young Kudler Accounting System Paper Kudler Fine Foods is a gourmet specialty grocery store, and has three locations in three upscale San Diego, Ca. Kathy Kudler is a gourmet cook and saw the need to open a shop for consumers to shop for ingredients for her dishes. With years of the corporate America, Kathy Kudler turned her passion into a very lucrative business. As a result, Kudler Fine Foods was founded in 1998Read MoreComputer Information System Brief1518 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract In this paper I explain what opportunities Kudler Fine Foods has in terms of information technology, and describe how the company might benefit from implementing enterprise-wide computer information system. Computer information system brief Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) is a local chain of gourmet food stores with annual sales of more than 10M offering specialized products to targeted customers. The company has three locations in the San Diego metropolitan area (La Jolla, Del Mar and Encinitas)

Care and Treatment in Mental Health Institutions

Question: Discuss about the Care and Treatment in Mental Health Institutions. Answer: Introduction The recovery in the mentally-ill patients have been discussed from various angles in the theory and often found conflicting definitions (Barker, Buchanan-Barker, 2011). The clinical recovery assumes that a patient is ill and requires treatment (ibid). This assumption may conflict with personal recovery where a patient may not have any clinical signs symptoms but his/her self-esteem, confidence, productivity, social economic life, have been shattered due to past mental illness and need to be recovered. The following sections discuss various recovery principles; the difference between clinical recovery and personal recovery in context with Janets stories. Following are the basic recovery principles as agreed in SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) conference on Mental Health by American Psychological Association. Patients themselves decide their path and direction to recovery. The recovery pathways depend on individual patients strengths, weaknesses, socio-cultural background, experiences and personal preferences. The patients must be empowered to participate in decision making. The recovery should be holistic and comprehensive covering all aspects of lives physical, social, psychological and spiritual. There may be occasional set-backs in recovery making it a non-linear process but is learning continuously and thus growing forward. There is need to build up on strengths of an individual while recovering. The mutual peer-support is indispensable in recovery. There is a need to accept the patient and appreciate him/her by communities and societies. The patients should be motivated towards self-care and self-recovery. The recovery should aim towards a better future of the patient by over-coming all the obstacles. The story of Janet In case of Janet, the sexual abuse at a tender age from a known relative was a major disturbing factor which shaked-up her trust in the surrounding world. In the version one of her story she was not even able to achieve clinical recovery. She reached a stage in her life where there was absence of psychosis and auditory hallucinations; but she was in a vegetative state, just eating, sleeping and watching TV. She was still lucky to be in a developed country where she could survive like this by means of social security schemes. In less developed nations where there is no social security or if there is any it is only on papers; the condition of mentally-ill patients is even bad. In such countries, no work means, no food, and mentally ill patients being unproductive are thrown out of homes by their relatives and ended up being in mental hospitals, where the conditions are pathetic. Sometimes they do not even get clothes to cover their body and they are treated as pure animals and do not e ven get clinical recovery (Kochher Sarkar 2012). Coming back to Janets story; in version one, though there was absence of clinical signs and symptoms, which may be taken as clinical recovery by few, she was unproductive, not having any meaning in life, and her self-esteem was completely shattered. Mental illness results in an invisible disability that lasts throughout the life of a mentally ill patient and could only be minimised with the passage of time through personal empowerment. Personal recovery is an unending search for finding significance in the life of patients suffering/suffered from mental illness (Kidd, Kenny, McKinstry, 2015). Mentally ill patients generally face ill-treatment and discrimination in each and every aspect of their lives including clinical recovery pursuits and they need to find solutions through multilateral dialogues, discussions and participation in social life (ibid). Janet, in version one, also dropped out from her Nursing school as she believed that she could not perform well. The problem of internalised stigma is also very prevalent among patients suffering/ suffered from mental illness (Erilich-Ben et al 2013). They have faced social stigma, ignominy and ostracism throughout their life and as a result of it they internalise the feeling of stigma and develop inferiority complex. Their self-esteem and self-respect get shattered. They have been despised by everyone they came in contact with; which precipitated in the form of social withdrawal behaviour among such patients (ibid). Thus it becomes very imperative to help these patients find a meaning to their lives. After quitting nursing school, her alienation deepened further which could have been avoided at the first place, like in version two. Clinical recovery Vs Personal recovery The medicalised model of mental illness is an individualistic model which sees mental illness as purely hereditary and solely blames the individual and his/her genes for mental illness and thus treatment is also paternalistic which sedates the patient most of the time to make sure he/she does not pose any threat to sophisticated society, it also requires institutionalisation most of the times (Beresford, Nettle, Perring, 2010). The existing recovery measures are rather penalising and are based on mere absence of pathological signs and symptoms (Burgess et al 2011). This was quite evident in the version one of Janets story. How she was penalised further by police when she got a psychotic attack. The nurse at the psychiatric ward also behaved the same way. Her sexual abuse history was also taken lightly by psychologists/ psychiatrists. No effort was done to find out the roots of her psychiatric problem and so the solutions in the version one of story. It seems as if whole profession w as about selling some psychiatric drugs and injections in the name of psychiatric patients and munching money. There was no empathy by anyone towards Janet. The social model of mental illness, on the other hand, looks at the social context of mental illness and aims towards social reforms and rehabilitation of mentally ill patients in the society by teaching them skills, bringing them into mainstream, providing them positive social environment, raising their confidence, believing in them and making them believe in themselves (ibid). The version two of the Janets story is an example of social model of mental illness. How everyone in the profession showed empathy towards her and offered help. She was accommodated well. She was helped out in completing her studies. She was also helped out in getting some music lessons for a faster recovery. She was also offered a job of mental health nurse so that she could find a meaning to her life, inspite of the fact that she could survive well on social security benefits in the country. Because life is much more than mere survival and so is the case with patiens with mental illness. The personal recovery is much more than clinical recovery and involves a sense of wellness at all psycho-social levels (Brennaman Lobo 2011). It includes a feeling of self-worth, self-esteem, desire to live to the fullest potential, and a sense of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being (ibid). Personal recovery includes positive thinking, hope, peers support, social security including job, housing and education (Cheng et al 2009). The interpersonal skills, team working, being social and sharing knowledge with and from others; are also important aspects of personal recovery (Cleary Dowling 2009). All these psycho-social aspects of life were taken care of, in version two of Janets story, but were denied in the version one. The incorporation of patients perspective and their participation while formulating recovery plans for them; is very essential for achieving the goals of personal recovery in addition to clinical recovery (Drieta, Agrest, Druetta, 2011). In Janets story version 2, she started working as a mental health nurse, which could be very beneficial for mental health services; because she can take help from her own experiences about what should be done and what should not be done while dealing with patients under psychosis. In Australia department of health has come up with Framework for Recovery oriented Practice where the department has emphasized personal recovery and its various components (Department of Health 2011). It is very important to adopt a wellness approach while formulating recovery plans (Swarbick 2012). The patient has to be considered in totality with his personal and social environment, his/ her feelings and emotional/ psycho-social life (ibid). It is appreciable that governments are taking steps for mental and psycho-social well-being of its citizens. There is no separate group of citizens as mentally-ill, but any of our citizens could turn-out to be mentally ill, if social systems are not put in proper place. There is a need to maintain equity, harmony and social justice in our societies. Therefore the persons suffering/ suffered from mental illness can-not be ignored, because they reflect our own societies and social systems, which they are a part of; and their fundamental human ri ght of a personal recovery needs to be taken care-of. Conclusion Thus I would like to conclude on a note, that a mental health nurse should have a holistic understanding of the subject and should learn clinical-reasoning skills which are more than mere clinical judgement and require an understanding of psycho-social aspects of life (Levett-Jones 2013). A nurse should be empathetic towards his/her patients including and especially mentally-ill patients. The goal of a nurse for such patients, should be their personal recovery which includes their self-esteem, self-worth, happiness, psycho-social welfare and achievement of self-realisation in life. References Barker, P, J, Buchanan-Barker, P. (2011). Mental health nursing and the politics of recovery: a global re?ection. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 25(5), 350358. Beresford, P, Nettle, M, Perring, R. (2010). Towards a Social Model of Madness and Distress? Exploring What Service Users Say. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, London. Brennaman, L, Lobo, M,.L. (2011). Recovery from serious mental illness: a concept analysis. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 32, 654663. Burgess, P, Pirkis, J, Coombs, T, Rosen, A. (2011). Assessing the value of existing recovery measures for routine use in Australian mental health services. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(4), 267280. Cheng, R, Church, K, Costa, L, Moffatt, K, Mohammed, S, Poole, J, Reveille, D, Stakehouse, R. (2009). Mental Health Recovery: Users and Refusers. What do Psychiatric Survivors think about Mental Health Recovery? Wellesley Institute, Toronto, ON. Available from: https://homeless.samhsa.gov/ResourceFiles/ummknsjl.pdf, (17 April 2017). Cleary, A, Dowling, M. (2009). The road to recovery: Anne Cleary and Maria Dowling examine the literature that focuses on the principal concepts of recovery in mental health and explore the importance of interpersonal skills, collaborative working and sharing knowledge. Mental Health Nursing Practice, 12(5), 2831. Department of Health (2011). Recovery-orientated Practice Literature Review. Victoria Victorian Government, Melbourne. Drieta, A, M, Agrest, M, Druetta, I. (2011). The concept of recovery: the importance of user perspectives and their participation. Revista Argentia de Psiquiatria, 22(95), 56 64. Erilich-Ben, O, S, Hasson-Ohayou, I, Feingold, D, Vahab, K, Amiaz, R, Weiser, M, Lysaker, P, H. (2013). Meaning in life, insight and self stigma among people with severe mental illness. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(2), 195200. KIDD, S, KENNY, A, MCKINSTRY, C. (2015). The meaning of recovery in a regional mental health service: an action research study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(1), 181192. doi: 10.1111/jan.12472. Kochher, J, S, Sarkar, U, N. (2012). Care and Treatment in Mental Health Institutions Some Glimpses in the Recent Period. National Human Rights Commission, India. Levett-Jones, T. (Ed.). (2013). Clinical reasoning: Learning to think like a nurse. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson. Swarbrick, M. (2012). A wellness approach to mental health recovery. In Recovery of People with Mental Illness. Philosophical and Related Perspectives (Rudnick A., ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 3038.

Misused Quotation Marks are “Bad”

MISUSED QUOTATION MARKS ARE â€Å"BAD† When it comes to writing, there are dozens of rules just begging to be broken. Some are flexible and give you a little wiggle room like hyphenation or deciding whether to use the comma before the â€Å"and† in lists. But there are other grammar rules that you just don’t break. You don’t tweak them; you don’t adjust them to suit your personal preferences. Ever. Case in point? Quotation marks. Somehow people got the idea that quotation marks are like the Swiss Army knife of punctuation: useful in any situation and interchangeable with exclamation points, bolding, underlining, italics, or ALL-CAPS SCREAMING. Others use them as what I can only assume is decoration, sticking them into sentences and paragraphs at random because they look sorta pretty – the adult version of dotting your i’s with little hearts or big bubbles. Sadly, misused quotation marks, pretty or otherwise, just make you look less credible. It’s the same as having a website full of typos and broken links. Or spelling your CEO’s name wrong in the company newsletter. (Well, maybe not that bad – you probably won’t get fired for overzealous quotation mark use. But still, it’s bad.) The Do’s and Don’ts of Quotes Not sure when quotation marks are appropriate? Here are the basics. DO:†¢ Use quotation marks when you are quoting someone’s exact words. (â€Å"Don’t blame me,† she said. â€Å"I just work here.†) †¢ Use quotation marks when you are quoting someone’s writing. (In his review, the critic wrote that Fat Momma’s House 5 was â€Å"a visually stunning masterpiece, worthy of an Oscar.†) †¢ Use quotation marks when you’re being sarcastic. (My â€Å"best friend† stole my boyfriend, my car, and my favorite pair of argyle socks.) DON’T: †¢ Use quotation marks when other parts of the sentence already tell the reader you’re being sarcastic. (My so-called â€Å"best friend† stole my boyfriend, my car, and my favorite pair of argyle socks.) †¢ Use quotation marks when you’re paraphrasing someone’s words (She told me â€Å"not to blame her, she just worked there.†) †¢ Use quotation marks when you want to emphasize a word. More often than not, random quotation marks sound unintentionally sarcastic. For example: †¢ All â€Å"fried chicken† dinners half off. †¢ This offer is good for a limited time â€Å"only.† †¢ Our team of â€Å"professionals† offers full-service IT solutions. †¢ I was â€Å"literally† on the edge of my seat. †¢ Open â€Å"24 hours.† A good proofreading job is the best defense against misused quotation marks and other grammatical blunders. If punctuation isn’t exactly your thing have a friend look it over and edit it. Need a second opinion? Post your quotation-mark questions here, and we’ll be happy to give you our â€Å"professional† opinion.